Grammar : Articles

Indefinite Article
A/an are indefinite articles. We use them with singular nouns. it shows that the noun is general, not specific.
Examples:

• A man ('seseorang', 'seorang',  NOT 'orang itu')
• An ant ('seekor semut', NOT 'semut itu')
• a table ('sebuah meja', NOT 'meja itu')

A is used when the initial sound of the word is a consonant.
Examples :

• a book
• a cat
• a university (exception)

An is used when the initial sound is a vowel. 
Examples :

• an hour
• an onion

Definite articles 
The is definite articles, we use the with a singular or plural noun. It shows that the noun is specific, NOT general. Look at some examples :

• The book is useful.
• She is sitting in the middle of the room.
• He is playing the piano.

(Taken From :English On Sky 2, 2007)

Grammar : Objects

Sometimes a verb has two objects.
Examples :

• He is giving his friends a present.
• He is giving a present to his friend.

The pattern of the first sentence is :
Verb + indirect object + direct object

The pattern of the second of sentence is :
Verb + direct object + indirect object

When the direct object is a pronoun, we use the 2nd pattern.
examples: He is giving it to me.

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007)

Grammar : Preposition of Time

In the conversation above, certain preposition are used to talk about time. Look at the following table :

Preposition	Time	Examples
on	Day Date	We did the project on Sunday
		He was born on June 21, 1995
in	Part of day Month year	He left in the morning
		He was born in June, 1995
at		He was born in 1995
	Clock	See me at 09.30 tomorrow

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007)

Grammar : Preposition of Time

In the conversation above, certain preposition are used to talk about time. Look at the following table :

Preposition	Time	Examples
on	Day Date	We did the project on Sunday
		He was born on June 21, 1995
in	Part of day Month year	He left in the morning
		He was born in June, 1995
at		He was born in 1995
	Clock	See me at 09.30 tomorrow

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007)

Grammar : The Past Continuous Tense

1. We form past continuous by using was  or were with the-ing form of the verb.

  

	Positive	Negative
Singular	I/She/He/It was working	Was not (wasn’t )working
Plural	We/You/They were working	Were not (weren’t ) working

  
  

Questions	Short answer
Was I/She/he/it working ?	Yes, I/She/He/it was	No, I/She/he/it was not
Were we /you/they working?	Yes,we/you/they were	Yes,we/you/they were not

 2. We use past continuous tense :

• To talk about a specific moment in the past

example :

1. One night, It was raining in the past.
2. Snow White was growing prettier and prettier.

• To talk about an action  which was in the middle of happening when another action happened.

examples :

1. Cinderella and Prince Charming were dancing when  the clock struck 12.
2. When Maurice entered the castle, it was raining very hard.

• Sometime we use when/while with past continuous

examples :

1. When Snow white was sleeping on the small beds, the dwarves came home.
2. The dwarves came home while snow white was sleeping on one of the small beds

Grammar : The Past Continuous Tense

1. We form past continuous by using was  or were with the-ing form of the verb.

  

	Positive	Negative
Singular	I/She/He/It was working	Was not (wasn’t )working
Plural	We/You/They were working	Were not (weren’t ) working

  
  

Questions	Short answer
Was I/She/he/it working ?	Yes, I/She/He/it was	No, I/She/he/it was not
Were we /you/they working?	Yes,we/you/they were	Yes,we/you/they were not

 2. We use past continuous tense :

• To talk about a specific moment in the past

example :

1. One night, It was raining in the past.
2. Snow White was growing prettier and prettier.

• To talk about an action  which was in the middle of happening when another action happened.

examples :

1. Cinderella and Prince Charming were dancing when  the clock struck 12.
2. When Maurice entered the castle, it was raining very hard.

• Sometime we use when/while with past continuous

examples :

1. When Snow white was sleeping on the small beds, the dwarves came home.
2. The dwarves came home while snow white was sleeping on one of the small beds.

Grammar : The Verb "Make" and Repeated Words With "And"

Make is general verb. You can use it with nouns to say that someone does something. For example :
"The tiny woman made a bow" means that the tiny woman bowed.
Let's see other examples :

• make mistake
• make a call
• make a decision
• make a joke
• make a suggestion
• make a promise
• make a start
• make an offer, etc.

 We often put "and" between repeated words when we speak.
We use this form to emphasize what we say.
For example :

• They walked and walked for so many miles till they got tired
• Robinson Crusoe lived for years and years in a deserted island
• Mulan tried and tried to be a good soldier
• Timun Mas ran and ran escape from the Giant.

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007) 

Grammar : Present Perfect Tense

Study this sentences :

• Dorothy has killed the Wicked Witch of the East
• How many people has Dorothy met on her adventure?

In the sentences above, we use present perfect tense to express things we have done in our lives or our achievement. We do not usually give the exact time.
Here is the pattern:

Positive	Short forms	Negative
I / you have worked	I/you’ve worked	I / you have not worked
She/he it has worked	She/he it’s worked	She/he it has not worked
We/They have worked	We/They’ve worked	We/They have not worked

Questions	Short answer
Have I / you worked ?	Yes, I have	No , I have not
Has she/he worked ?	Yes, she/he/it has	No , she/he/it has not
Have we/they worked ?	Yes,we/they have.	No ,we/they have not

We often use present perfect with "already" and "yet"
examples :

• The Cyclone has already stopped
• Dorothy has not met the Wizard of Oz yet.

We use already to say something that has happened. Already is usually placed before the past participle.
We use yet to say something hasn't happened. Yet usually placed at the end of the sentence.
(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007)

Grammar : Indirect Speech

We use indirect speech when we report what people said. in indirect speech, the tenses usually goes 'one step back'. Look at the table below :

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Simple Present Tense “I always go to school”	Simple  Past Tense She said that she always went to school
Present Continuous “I am doing my homework”	Past Continuous She said that she was doing her homework
Simple Present/Present Perfect “ I did not do my test well” “I have sent an email”	Past Perfect She said that she had not done her test well She said that she had sent an email
Modals “I’ll see you at the party” “I can tell stories in English “ “You must be careful “	Modals She said that she would see me at the party She said that she could tell stories in English She said that I had to be careful

Be careful when you use tell and say. Tell always needs a direct object while say always needs an indirect object.

INCORRECT	CORRECT
She told to me….	She told me…
She said me…	She said…

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007 )

Grammar : Question Tags

We usually use question tags in conversation and informal writing. A question tag consists of two words. We put them at the end of a statement to make a question. After a positive statement to make question. After a positive statements we use a negative tag.
Examples :

• You go to school, don't you?
• There is a clock in the class, isn't there?

After a negative statement, we use positive tag.
Examples :

• Manokrawi is not in Sulawesi, is it?
• You should not eat chilies, should you ?

	Positive	Negative	Negative	Positive
With “be”	I am right	Aren’t I ?	I am not wrong	Am I
	Kajol’s from India	Isn’t she?	Ann is not from India	Is she ?
	You were there	Weren’t you?	You were not there,	Were you?
	I was late	Wasn’t I ?	I was not late,	Was I ?
Simple present	You like music	Don’t you?	They don’t play tennis	Do they ?
	Pat love reading	Doesn’t she?	Tom does not know	Does she ?
Simple Past	Tim talked to you	Didn’t he?	The boys did not swim The children didn’t cry	Did they ? Did they ?
	Via went to Bali	Didn’t she ?	Yuda isn’t studying	Is she ?
Present continuous	It’s raining	Isn’t it?	The dog isn’t sleeping	Is it ?
	The girls are going	Aren’t they?
With  “should”	Jim should leave soon,	Should not he ?	Lia shouldn’t be angry	Should she ?
With “there”	There’s a chair in your room,	Isn’t there?	There aren’t any books in your bag,	Aren’t there ?

(Taken From : English On Sky 2, 2007)